how to layer lasagne so it doesn t fall apart

When I pulled my first piece out of the pan using this technique I did an actual happy dance. Some misc comments that may warrant addressing - We added examples to the examples directory. 13. Using a glass dish will help your lasagna cook more evenly and stay warm if you need to wait for someone to get home before serving dinner. Though, on its own, cheese can be quite creamy, in lasagna, it needs some sort of binder so it doesn’t just fall apart while being layered and cooked! The other thing I usually keep in mind, that people mess up often is not over boil the pasta. That means you should let your lasagna cool for at least 30 minutes before digging in. wikiHow's. Add a layer of ragù on top of the pasta, then a layer of the white sauce and then close the layer with more lasagne … I always thought lasagna was aesthetically ugly and looked like a dog's breakfast but Ashley's version proved … If you add spinach, mushrooms or eggplant, pre-cook and press these to reduce the water content. But it's not all fun and games with the Italian baked pasta dish: So often, when it comes time to cut the lasagna, things fall apart. ‘Cover this with a final layer of lasagne and then with the béchamel sauce.’ 1.1 An Italian dish consisting of lasagne baked with meat or vegetables and a cheese sauce. Making the basic meat/sausage lasagna for company. 1. thin layer of red sauce on the bottom (with or without meat, they both work) 2. I want to see who it works under the hood, so I can implement it the same way in C++. This Lasagne recipe has been my all-time favourite meal for as long as I can remember. 8 Layer Lasagna For the Meat Sauce — Brown: 1 1/2 lb. I took a cue from New York chef Mark Ladner and the "Yesterday's 100 Layer Lasagna alla Piastra" they serve at Del Posto.. For that dish, Ladner purposely lets his traditional Lasagna Bolognese rest over night before slicing it into thin slabs and searing the cut faces in a skillet. Try to avoid overlapping uncooked lasagna sheets, as this risks creating hard bits in the lasagna if the liquid doesn't penetrate the thicker pasta layer properly. In a medium bowl, stir together ricotta, 1 egg, and garlic and season with salt and … This technique will help it not go apart or slide away. No Boil Lasagna Noodles. Think "binding" as the other thing you're looking for, so that the lasagna keeps together when cut. Layer 2: Similar to Layer 1. Add pork and cook until golden brown, about 8 minutes. As simple as lasagna is to prepare, it's equally as difficult to cut and serve. I don't … sms. Not only does it help keep things moist, it ensures that the noodles won't stick to the pan. Less clean up & less labor intensive. “Runny” lasagna will result if your sauces are too thin. This means any cold ingredients, like cheese, hot ingredients, like meat or grilled vegetables, and your sauces. Add tomato paste to pork and vegetable mixture and cook 2 minutes. Lasagna is a delicious and hearty dish great for dinner entrees. Transfer pork to vegetable mixture, reserving skillet. Don’t let your layers get too thick! Cover the bottom of the baking pan with a layer of lasagne sheets, allowing the pasta to hang over all sides of the pan. Make sure you have a deep dish then the first layer will be a light layer of white sauce, then the lasagne sheets so that the pasta doesn’t stick to the dish. Make sure to let your frozen lasagna completely defrost before baking it, otherwise you may have to increase the cooking time. Remove frozen lasagna from the freezer the night before you plan to bake it and let it thaw in the refrigerator overnight. Toggle Navigation BEAUTY; FOOD; ABOUT; how-to-layer-lasagna. http://www.thekitchn.com/glass-vs-metal-bakeware-is-there-a-difference-food-science-217961, http://www.universetoday.com/82331/what-is-conduction/, http://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-lasagna-home-hacks-109313, http://www.delallo.com/recipes/classic-three-cheese-lasagna, http://www.fromvalerieskitchen.com/2013/09/homemade-frozen-lasagna/, http://www.jamieoliver.com/news-and-features/features/how-to-layer-the-perfect-lasagne/#7t0Lr0oyCewUl1W2.99, Please consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. I do meat, pasta, white sauce x 3 plus some cheese on the top. One last suggestion: make the red sauce as thick as possible. Great recipe, I'll be making this again and again. 30 minutes in a 170 C oven and you're golden. Keep things organized by separating your ingredients into individual bowls on your counter space. 5. Thanks How to layer béchamel lasagna . In a 9x13-inch (23x33 cm) glass baking dish, add a layer of bolognese to the bottom. For easier serving and a golden edge, lightly buttering your glass or metal baking dishes before assembly. Then, cover the bottom of the dish with a layer of noodles. The smooth and creamy center needs time to settle and firm up. If you're using watery sauce, it will want to fall apart. I made the following changes: 1) used 1 lb of ground beef plus the sausage, 2) added a can crushed tomatoes to the sauce to make it a little … Ask the Chef, How To. So either add more meat OR more tomato paste, if your lasagna is meatless. I do meat, pasta, white sauce x 3 plus some cheese on the top. Once the layers are combined and the lasagna is baked, it's filled with plenty of gooey cheese. At Locanda Locatelli, they make it with their standard ragù alla bolognese, which, having tried and found wanting, I'm substituting for my own perfect bolognese sauce, which gently fries a mixture of coarsely minced beef, str… For truly special occasions, try adding lobster to the mix at the same time you add the crab. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. Top with noodles, then spread a layer of the ricotta mixture on top. Cheeses: grated Italian cheese combo, sprinkle it on by the handful. This recipe is very easy to assemble in advance; giving you more time to enjoy the company you are sharing it with. My mum started making it like this when I was little, and my sister and I used to pick out all the vegetables. Repeat with another layer of bolognese, noodles, ricotta, noodles, bolognese, then top with mozzarella and additional Parmesan. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. It always falls apart on me. Or if you must have ricotta, put some mozzarella toward the center and outsides of the cheese layer and between each layer. Red sauces can easily overpower the delicate flavors of most seafood. Yes, egg added to the ricotta binds (holds it together) but other things are also happening during this process. Let the lasagna rest uncovered for 15-20 minutes to avoid a sloppy mess. I was a fan too – we have to share that trick (the no cook noodle) soon too! Be careful of adding additional ingredients. Thanks to @skaae for the tests and the GRU layer (+more), and @JackKelly for some comment fixes and additional functionality. These two discoveries were major moments in our kitchen.  They help make sure that even the first cut comes out of the pan totally square (and will little liquid left)! If you are using no-boil noodles or prefer a more sauce on your lasagna, you can add a thin layer of sauce to the top. Top the lasagna off with a layer of noodles and a little bit of cheese on top. And be conservative with the ricotta layer. For the sauce, heat a heavy-based saucepan or casserole over a medium-high heat. authentic lasagne recipe – no bechamel or Bolognese needed So you're gonna pop this into the oven for 30 minutes and then you can pop the grill on for a few minutes just watch closely so it doesn't burn until the cheese is golden Brown on the top. Please don't tell me there isn't a correct way - I need a definitive answer. "The other thing to … Use the broiler to Of course frozen takes longer to reheat but the frozen ones never fall apart! This can cause your lasagna to fall apart when serving and eating. I have a 5-6 centimeter deep lasagne tray and usually aim for 4-5 layers of pasta before leaving a centimeter at the top for bechamel. But I find putting the meat sauce onto the white sauce strangely disturbing (as it is lumpy so doesn't pour on). Every dollar contributed enables us to keep providing high-quality how-to help to people like you. If you want to learn more, like what kinds of sauce to use inside your lasagna, keep reading the article! How to Build a Lasagna Bed: Introduction: Lasagna gardening is a no-dig, no-till organic gardening method that results in rich, fluffy soil with very little work from the gardener. You can also carefully break the no-boil noodles to fit the shape of your dish. Keep things organized by separating your ingredients into individual bowls on your counter space. A lasagna is most often oven-baked, so be sure to remember to pre-heat your oven to your recipe guidelines. Layer #1: Meat Filling. No boil noodles will soak up watery sauce and help eliminate wet noodles. By using our site, you agree to our. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to low, cover and simmer about 20 minutes, checking periodically to make sure the sauce doesn't burn. Can't just place the stuff upon each layer, but artfully consider how each bit goes on. then freeze. I really like that alternating trick. Do you have any tricks for lasagna that would help us all learn? The most difficult part of keeping lasagna together is the ricotta layer. Leave a little bit of extra cheese to sprinkle on top. Take care not to use too much sauce; this could create a runny lasagna. Using semi-fresh basil adds a special flavor to the sauce. share. Make sure you have a clear and clean workspace and everything is within easy reach. Egg – traditionally scrambled and then mixed with the cheese – … uncovered for the last 20 min., and leave in oven to cool slowly after baking. Then, add some more sauce and repeat the process until you've added all of your filling. This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. Please consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. Runny sauces spoil lasagna. And finally, I found a lasagna that doesn't fall apart on a plate but isn't dry either! By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. Is there a way I can print the output of a hidden layer and/or the calculations themselves? This article has been viewed 651,892 times. You can use only the whites and it will still be bound but with less fat. If you don't have a lot of experience making lasagna, you can make a lasagna a lot more quickly with no-boil noodles. tweet. I did read about it and the way you have told it is super easy to make the filtered water using this. The main principle is that the lasagna sheets have adequate liquid to cook if they're instant and that the pasta layers are not weighed down too much if they're pre-soaked or pre-cooked. If your recipe calls for a ricotta mixture and separate layer of mozzarella, put down the ricotta first and follow it with the mozzarella. A while ago, I came across Gather and Feast's ridiculously beautiful Rainbow Lasagna and promised that I would make my own version of it one day. Please don't tell me there isn't a correct way - I need a definitive answer. send. Make sure all your meat is fully cooked before adding it to your lasagna. It might seem a little tricky to figure out how to get all the ingredients into your lasagna properly without it getting messy or falling apart, but don't worry. Layer 7: Second part of the ragù. Glass is a poor conductor of heat, but it also distributes heat more evenly. It frustrates me to no end when everything is just a mess on the plate. Don't worry about positioning the bulbs so that they are not directly over top of each other. ground chuck 1 1/2 lb. In my opinion, it makes this lasagne the best ever. What is the magic number of minutes I can let it rest and have it still be hot and be able to cut it into nice, neat squares? You might have seen those noodles at the store labeled "no-boil". Layer 2: Lay 4 cooked lasagne strips lengthwise side by side, each slightly overlapping the other. No-boil noodles will absorb more moisture to cook. Resting is a good start but it’s not everything!  Our typical lasagna has 3 layers of noodles – each layer is placed in the alternate direction of the previous.  If the first layer has noodles running the length of the pan, the second layer is laid across the width and the final layer returns to the direction of the first. I was impressed with the Lasagna you & your Dad made in your culinary class. When using no-boil noodles, use slightly more sauce. Then just keep repeating until you're near the top. Once you've added the filling, make a thin layer of cheese over it. I used homemade pasta sheets to make this lasagne bolognese because that’s the way it was done in my house. Drizzle in a glug of olive oil and salt the water generously. % of people told us that this article helped them. 84 shares. I think its because all the moisture has had a chance to integrate the wole dish. Get all your ingredients ready. Okay, last layer some sauce. So what is the best way to reheat lasagna? Her only solution was to blend the veg into a sauce so we couldn’t taste them as much. Start with a small amount of meat filling at the bottom of your baking dish to keep your lasagna moist and prevent the bottom layer of lasagna noodles from sticking. Addresses #17. I add the ricotta in dollops with a teaspoon every couple of inches. It's not the most appetizing thing in the world. Very cool I can’t wait to try the noodles alternating directions. Learn how to make the only lasagna recipe you'll ever need. Bake at low temp. They heat up quickly, but also can lose the heat quickly once removed from the oven. B We bake our lasagna at 375 for 30 minutes (covered) and then 325 uncovered for about 15 minutes.  Use the broiler to brown the top layer and then we let it sit on the counter for at least 15 minutes.  The tray sits on a cookie rack to allow air to reach the bottom and the tray is only loosely covered.  Without resting, lasagna turns into a molten mess as the cheese has no consistency and easily slides apart. Next, add one-third of your lasagna filling to the dish and spread it out over the first layer of noodles. On top of this add some ragu, a cup of the white sauce, then another layer of pasta. You can also make lasagna with “no boil” noodles; the trick there is to ensure lots of sauce so that moisture will soak into the noodles during the baking process. The sprouts will easily grow around the bulbs above them. After you've covered up the first layer of bulbs, measure from the soil to the where the soil line will be before planting the next layer. However, the effort becomes worthwhile once you're able to condense nutritious protein, vegetables and flavorful sauces into a neat, edible package that doesn't fall apart … Instead of a you know, cheese, a real cheese layer so you can decide. I can defrost or pop right in the oven. Cover the pan with foil and bake for 25 minutes. No-boil noodles will absorb more moisture to cook. Remember, you can cut or break your noodles to fit the size and shape of your pan if necessary. If using no-boil noodles, you may want to break them to fit instead of overlapping them, as the overlapped parts can get hard while baking. A deep dish will require longer to cook than a shallow one. This makes 12-15 servings depending on how big you cut them. Bring to a boil, add the lasagna noodles, and bring back to a boil. You can help your no-boil noodles cook more evenly by assembling your lasagna dish a few hours before baking to allow the noodles to get tender. (osmosis – I think they call it! Yes, Binchotan Charcoal is nearly 100% carbon and called White Charcoal due to the white ash. Fresh pasta, whether just-made or frozen doesn’t need to be precooked before going into the lasagne. To ensure the pasta doesn’t stick to the bottom of your dish, start with a think layer of lasagna sauce (ragu), then add a layer of the pasta sheets. Time to assemble the ultimate lasagne. Lasagna Trick #1 – Let it Rest We bake our lasagna at 375 for 30 minutes (covered) and then 325 uncovered for about 15 minutes. For the other meat filling layers, don’t let your layers get too thick! crushed tomatoes in puree Layer 3: Take one part of the cheese mixture and sprinkle it evenly and uniformly on the lasagne layer. Although we're not aiming for "sheets of pasta floating in minced beef", as Locatelli has it, as the principle flavour of any such lasagne, the meat aspect still deserves careful consideration. Parmesan cheese, mixed with a bit of mozzarella (very well mixed) instead of ricotta. Tuck the ends of your noodles into the pan before baking, as any that extend over the edges may burn or dry out and become hard and brittle. The first layer of your lasagna should be sauce, says Claire Saffitz, associate food editor. Awwww… You’re sweet Ma! I tend to place a layer of meat ragu, then sheets of lasagna followed by bechamel sauce, then continue to repeat in the same order finishing with a layer of bechamel sauce that's topped with cheese - I use a mixture of Parmesand and English Vintage Cheddar. Place cooked lasagne pasta sheets in an even layer on top. I’ll make about ten at a time, serve one for dinner and freeze the rest. Don't get hung up on a "right" way to layer lasagna. Chop the tomatoes to make a unique topping that doesn't slide and will be supported, rather than a tomato paste substance. Best part- no need to precook noodles. When the dish comes out of the oven, that cheese is piping hot and can fall apart if you slice it too quickly. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Layer-Lasagna-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Layer-Lasagna-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Layer-Lasagna-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Layer-Lasagna-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/51\/Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-6Bullet2.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-6Bullet2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/51\/Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-6Bullet2.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-6Bullet2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Bake-Microwaved-Mushroom-and-Corn-Lasagna-Step-14.jpg\/v4-460px-Bake-Microwaved-Mushroom-and-Corn-Lasagna-Step-14.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Bake-Microwaved-Mushroom-and-Corn-Lasagna-Step-14.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Bake-Microwaved-Mushroom-and-Corn-Lasagna-Step-14.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Make-Stuffed-Lasagna-Rolls-Step-1.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-Stuffed-Lasagna-Rolls-Step-1.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Make-Stuffed-Lasagna-Rolls-Step-1.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-Stuffed-Lasagna-Rolls-Step-1.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-2.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/36\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-6.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-6.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/36\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-6.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-6.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4e\/Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-9.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-9.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/4e\/Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-9.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-%22Really-Good%22-Lasagna-Step-9.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/07\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-10.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-10.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/0\/07\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-10.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-10.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b3\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-5.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-5.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/b3\/Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-5.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-a-Quick-and-Easy-Lasagna-Step-5.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Make-Gluten%E2%80%90Free-Vegan-Lasagna-Step-11.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-Gluten%E2%80%90Free-Vegan-Lasagna-Step-11.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Make-Gluten%E2%80%90Free-Vegan-Lasagna-Step-11.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-Gluten%E2%80%90Free-Vegan-Lasagna-Step-11.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e8\/Freeze-Lasagna-Step-8.jpg\/v4-460px-Freeze-Lasagna-Step-8.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e8\/Freeze-Lasagna-Step-8.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Freeze-Lasagna-Step-8.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Easily-Make-Lasagna-With-Oven-Noodles-Step-1Bullet5.jpg\/v4-460px-Easily-Make-Lasagna-With-Oven-Noodles-Step-1Bullet5.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Easily-Make-Lasagna-With-Oven-Noodles-Step-1Bullet5.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Easily-Make-Lasagna-With-Oven-Noodles-Step-1Bullet5.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Make-Bacon-Mozzarella-Chicken-Rolls-Step-1.jpg\/v4-460px-Make-Bacon-Mozzarella-Chicken-Rolls-Step-1.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Make-Bacon-Mozzarella-Chicken-Rolls-Step-1.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Make-Bacon-Mozzarella-Chicken-Rolls-Step-1.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":306,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":485,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/61\/Cook-Ravioli-Step-1.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Ravioli-Step-1.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/6\/61\/Cook-Ravioli-Step-1.jpg\/aid2679571-v4-728px-Cook-Ravioli-Step-1.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":306,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":485,"licensing":"

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *