Both the blacks and the mulattoes were enraged by reports that France had reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe and Martinique, and the struggle was carried on with great desperation. Match. More important, nearly the entire population was utterly destitute—a legacy of slavery that has continued to have a profound impact on Haitian history. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1767 1663 The French established a specially leased company, namely Compaigne des Indes Occindentales. Henry Christophe will become dictator of northern Haiti. He died on April 7, 1803. Haitian People get Inspired The Haitian people got inspired to have freedom ever since the French Revolution of 1789. 1805. Rugged ranges dominated much of the island's interior, providing plenty of dense wilderness for runaway slaves to take refuge in. Using their textbook, student groups with create an on-line timeline of important events that occurred from the Haitian Revolution to the independence of Central and South America. The ruins of Sans Souci Palace, near Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. Against this background arose a revolution, beginning as a series of conflicts from the early 1790s. The Haitian revolution came to North American shores in the form of a refugee crisis. 1800 Touissaint as a Leader Toussaint by now is the master of the French Saint Domingue, and declares himself the governor general of the island for life. Something went wrong. 1800. Timeline created by Chris Perry C period. The people of Haiti managed to fight for the emancipation of slaves, as well as for the independence of Haiti. Get the latest stories in your inbox. It affected the institution of slavery throughout the Americas. Slaves who attempted to escape their servitude by either fleeing into the mountains or attempting to blend into a nearby town were known as maroons. The country was torn by rival factions, some of which were supported by Spanish colonists in Santo Domingo (on the eastern side of the island, which later became the Dominican Republic) or by British troops from Jamaica. PLAY. LP 15: Mexican Revolution Essay Peer Editing LP 16: French Revolution LP 17: Revolution Unit Grades, Celebrations, and Reflections PPT notes: Haitian Revolution Timeline PPT notes: Haitian Revolution Timeline Notes: Haitian Revolution Timeline CW: Haitian Revolution Framework HW: Illustrated Timeline Reading: An Overview of the Haitian Revolution Ironically, it would fall to the Royal Navy, which had been blockading Saint-Domingue since the resumption of the Napoleonic Wars, to carry out the evacuation. Why is Toussaint L'Ouverture considered a hero in Haiti? Updates? Word of the American and French revolutions strengthened slaves' dreams of liberation. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The former slave Toussaint Louverture became a leader of the slave revolt and made himself ruler. World History Block 4. They feared and spurned the slave majority but were generally discriminated against by the white European colonists, who were merchants, landowners, overseers, craftsmen, and the like. Sugar was the primary crop grown on plantations there. tobacco. Toussaint Louverture was one of the most important leaders of the slave forces. They belonged to a variety of ethnic groups from different parts of Africa, spoke many different languages, and practiced a variety of indigenous African religions. In May 1791 the French revolutionary government granted citizenship to the wealthier affranchis, but Haiti’s European population disregarded the law. On the night of 21st August 1791, at a secret voodoo ceremony, the signal was given for an uprising to begin. After much internal wrangling amongst the colonial powers, with various slave and freed black factions playing one side off of the other, Haiti declared its independence on January 1, 1804. Jean-Jacques Dessalines became its first leader and the name of the island was officially changed to Haiti. Dutty Boukman, a slave who became a leader in the revolution, and Cécile Fatiman, a Vodou priestess, lead a Vodou ceremony where hundreds of slaves pledge to fight for freedom. Omissions? The two other major colonial powers in the Caribbean, Spain and Britain, saw an opportunity in the unrest and attempted to wrest control of Saint-Domingue from France. They will then describe the events and important leaders in the description section. There were four distinct groups in Saint-Domingue that played a role in how the revolution played out. 1790. By 1792, the northern part of the island was under slave control, while the city of Port-au-Prince in the south attempted to fashion a diplomatic compromise. Enraged by the exploitation of the French aristocracy, the French people overthrew the country's monarchy and killed much of the aristocracy. Haitian Revolution Timeline. African slaves suffering the abominable conditions of plantation slavery listened to tales of beheaded French aristocrats and violent revolution with interest and anticipation. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In the late 1790s Toussaint Louverture, a military leader and former slave, gained control of several areas and earned the initial support of French agents. Illustration depicting combat between French and Haitian troops during the Haitian Revolution. Create a Timeline Now; The Haitian Revolution. © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. Unlike slaves elsewhere in the Americas, most slaves on Saint-Domingue were not born into slavery. Haitian Revolution Begins August–September 1791 21-28 Oct 1790 The Ogé Rebellion: Jacques Vincent Ogé, an affranchis representing the colony in France, leads a revolt against the white colonial authorities in Saint-Domingue. In spite of the risk, many slaves escaped into the mountains and formed communities of maroons, sometimes raiding nearby plantations. This lesson will detail the motivations for the Haitian Revolution and the most important events of that conflict. Haitian people get inspired 1791. In January 1801 Toussaint conquered Santo Domingo, and in May of that year, he had himself named “governor-general for life.” He put the peasants back to work on the plantations under military rule and encouraged many of the French proprietors to return. Print; Main. Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Napoleon sent General Charles Leclerc to overthrow him and restore French rule, but Haitians, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henry Christophe, prevailed over the French, and Dessalines declared Haiti independent in 1804. LANDMARK EVENTS OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION TIMELINE THE FIRST STAGE (until 1800) 1600s: Spain, England, & France compete for control of western Hispaniola (ie Saint Domingue) 1670s: France gains control of Saint Domingue, establishes sugar plantations & imports enslaved people from various parts of Africa 1685: King Louis XIV issues the Code Noir, outlining … Haitian Revolution (Part 2) Next lesson. 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Haitians fought French, British, and Spanish forces to become the first independent, post-colonial republic in Latin America and the first modern Black-led republic. Timeline of the Haitian Revolution. Among the causes of the conflicts were the affranchis’ frustrations with a racist society, turmoil created in the colony by the French Revolution, nationalistic rhetoric expressed during Vodou ceremonies, the continuing brutality of slave owners, and wars between European powers. 3. Vincent Ogé, a mulatto who had lobbied the Parisian assembly for colonial reforms, led an uprising in late 1790 but was captured, tortured, and executed. World History Block 4. The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was a conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the formation of Haiti as the first modern republic ruled by Africans. Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. Print; Main. A few days after the ceremony, a force of slaves defeats European soldiers near Port-au-Prince. Sources vary, but Louverture was later double crossed either by the French leader Napoleon or one of his own lieutenants, or possibly both. 1791—The Haitian Revolution for emancipation begins in earnest. The affranchis, most of them mulattoes, were sometimes slave owners themselves and aspired to the economic and social levels of the Europeans. Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as the leader of the rebels. The causes of the Haitian Revolution included the affranchis’ frustrated aspirations, the brutality of slave owners, and inspiration from the French Revolution. Mar 28, 1790 “all the proprietors ought to be active citizens” amendment Which Latin American country won its independence from France? Haitian Revolution 1791 - 1804. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? An error occurred trying to load this video. A few isolated plantations fortified themselves against the uprising while the sugar cane fields all around them burned. Flashcards. Toussaint Louverture in Power 1796–1801 August 1796 Primary electoral assemblies in Saint-Domingue are formed to elect colonial representatives to the legislative body in France. Throughout the 18th century, the numerous indigenous African religions that were brought to Saint-Domingue gradually syncretized into a distinctly Afro-Haitian folk religion known as vodou. The Europeans attempted to appease the mulattoes in order to quell the slave revolt, and the French assembly granted citizenship to all affranchis in April 1792. The Spanish began to enslave the native Taino and Ciboney people soon after December 1492, when Italian navigator Christopher Columbus sighted the island that he called La Isla Española (“The Spanish Island”; later Anglicized as Hispaniola.) The vast majority of the population of Haiti, then the extremely financially successful French colony of Saint-Domingue, consisted of African slaves. Haitian Revolution Causes Timeline 1802 After the last revolt, the slave rebels was defeat by Napoleon Bonaparte, a French military leader. "Haitian Revolution Summary" There were many causes to the Haitian Revolution and this is a summary of the key events and people of the Revolution. He initially collaborated with Spain against France, but switched sides to fight for France once it agreed to abolish slavery. I now want to turn my attention from all of the craziness that's happening in Europe and go halfway around the world to one of France's colonies in the Caribbean, and that's Saint-Domingue. However, it also frightened both France and Britain into abolishing the seizing of Africans as slaves and led to the end of the transatlantic slave trade. On the night of August 14, 1791, a vodou priest and leader of a maroon community named Dutty Boukman led a ritual in a mountain area known as Bois Caïman that inaugurated the Haitian Revolution. Haitian Revolution 1791 - 1804. 1795. STUDY. 1791 - The slaves in Saint-Domingue rose up and attacked their masters. These are some of the people involved in the Haitian Revolution: Vincent Ogé, an affranchi, led an unsuccessful revolt in October 1790. Slaves endured long, backbreaking workdays and often died from injuries, infections, and tropical diseases. 20 August: A force of Africans and slaves defeated the Europeans near Port-au-Prince. Because new slaves were constantly needed to replace those who had died, the majority of slaves on Saint-Domingue were born in Africa. A school project. In this ritual, a pig was ritually slaughtered and all participants swore to overthrow slavery in Saint-Domingue. British Capt. In the end, they had succeeded in ending slavery and French control on the colony. This timeline provides a chronology of events connected to the Haitian Revolution, from the onset of European colonisation in the Caribbean, to modern day events shaped by a revolution that has significant a impact until today. a timeline of the haitian revolution. Saint Dominique The colony was Welcome to my timeline of the events that led up to the haitian revolution and the events that followed .~. 1806-10-17 - Dessalines is assassinated at Pont-Rouge. Video transcript. Wealthy free persons of color, who could not vote, also drew hope from these revolutions. A school project. Created by. cotton. Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as the leader of the rebels. Thank you for subscribing. There's no "high concept" ten-word description of the story. Hispaniola, the island shared by modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is located in the Caribbean Sea between Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba. Menu. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Revolutions of 1848 & the Spring of Nations: Major Revolutions, Causes & Collapse, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Battle of Waterloo, Independence for Central America: History, Timeline & Events, The Unification of Italy: Summary, Timeline & Leaders, The Unification of Germany: Summary, Timeline & Events, The Industrial Revolution in Europe and the U.S.: Events & Innovations, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto, Advancement for Women: Education, Employment & Rights, Toussant Louverture's Role in the Haitian Revolution, AP World History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Biological and Biomedical In May 1791 Paris granted French citizenship to landowners—which included some affranchis and excluded some whites, leading to civil war. What did Toussaint L'Ouverture accomplish? All rights reserved. It is considered to be the most successful slave rebellion in the Americas. On the 21st of August, 1791, slaves throughout Saint-Domingue rose up and started burning plantations and killing whites. Haitian tradition says he was born in central West Africa and transported as a slave to Sant-Domingue, (Haiti) in the French West Indies. Evelysse_Vargas GO. The 3 Social Statuses In Haiti: In order of highest to lowest are whites, mulattos and free blacks in the same social status, and the black slaves. In December 1801 Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon I), wishing to maintain control of the island, attempted to restore the old regime (and European rule) by sending his brother-in-law, Gen. Charles Leclerc, with an experienced force from Saint-Domingue that included Alexandre Sabès Pétion and several other exiled mulatto officers. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} The Haitian Revolution (French: Révolution haïtienne [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n]; Haitian Creole: Revolisyon ayisyen) was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti.The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence.
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